Enjoy the diverse history of Taiwan’s Confucius Temple architecture (Part 2)
Author: Chen Guoyuan
Source: Author authorized to publish on Confucian website
Time: The twenty-eighth day of the ninth month of the Jiawu year
Western calendar October 21, 2014
5. Chinese civilization in Taiwan after World War IIJamaica Sugar DaddyRenaissance Period
Since 1949, the Nationalist Government moved to Taiwan wants to reserve the energy to counterattack the mainland by building on the foundation that has been established in the japan eraJamaica Sugar a href=https://www.rujiazg.com/article/%22https://jamaica-sugar.com/%22>JM Escorts, brought many soldiers, civilians and civilian officials in various provinces of China. After more than 10 years, the Chiang regime gradually became clear that it was impossible to return to the New Year immediately. Night Mainland, while pacifying the two million mainland militiamen and civilians in Taiwan, launched a major reform of landscape architecture in Taiwan. This coincided with the launch of the “Cultural Revolution” in which China criticized old Chinese culture. Taiwan has taken advantage of the trend to become a venue for promoting and preserving the legitimacy of Chinese civilization. Combined with the connotation of Chinese civilization brought by the original, Taiwan’s original frontier southern Fujian-style architecture began to move towards the grandeur and classics of the Ming and Qing motherland in the south. Some people call this period 1960-1980 In the “Chinese Civilization Revival Style”, the descendants of the Confucius family also came to Taiwan with the Nationalist Government. Amid the contrast between mainland China criticizing Confucius and Taiwan respecting Confucius, Taiwan entered another wave of construction of Confucius temples, with some renovations. However, most of them are newly built in scale compared to the level of historical palaces in mainland China, and the scale and construction standards are smaller than in the past. The Dacheng Hall of Confucius Temple has seven rooms, which is different from the previous three to five rooms.
The general manager of the government. Although he obeys his parents, he will not refuse. Do her this woman a small favor.
In addition, because Taiwan’s education system has been different from the academies and county schools of the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the left school and right temple in the ancient system of Confucius Temple are no longer applicable, and only the ritual function of the temple space of the Confucius Temple is left.
Chiayi Confucius Temple
Although Chiayi was one of the “one major cities” when Taiwan entered the Qing Empire Prefecture two counties”The main county seat here is Zhuluo County, but throughout its historical development, it has been located in Tainan, resulting in less public investment than Tainan. The classic Chinese architecture is not far away from Tainan and Changhua further north.
The current Chiayi Confucius Temple was rebuilt at the beginning of the Chinese Civilization Revival Movement in 1961. The site next to the original Chiayi Shrine in Monkey Park was used to build a small Confucius Temple, which was integrated with the Chiayi Martyrs’ Shrine. Because it was rebuilt in the 1960s with a lower-level architectural style and a more ordinary material style, the entire Confucius Temple only has one Dacheng Hall (Figure 58) and Panyue Pond, and the roof is only a single-eaves verandah style without any installation. Common architectural elements of Confucius temples include Minglun Hall, Chongsheng Temple or Wanren Palace Wall.
Picture 58: Dacheng Hall of Chiayi Confucius Temple
The fate of Chiayi Confucius Temple is also like its county seat being annexed to Tainan and In Changhua, it had more county schools (school functions) than Confucius. There were four generations:
(1) The first generation: established in Zhuluo County in 1686 Within, it is the county school system;
(2) The second generation Jamaicans Sugardaddy: In 1706 (the forty-fifth year of Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty), Sun Yuanheng, then the magistrate of Zhuluo County, built it outside the west gate of Zhuluo City, 1723 In 1810, the Emperor ordered to build the Temple of Loyalty, Righteousness, Filial Piety and Discipline in the temple, and the Confucius Temple no longer only worshiped Confucius;
(3) The third generation: 1810s (Qing Dynasty) During the Qianlong period), the Confucius Temple was destroyed by a typhoon and was rebuilt in what is now the Chiayi Provincial Hospital. However, after the Lin Shuangwen incident, the Confucius Temple was destroyed again and was not rebuilt until the Jiaqing period;
(4) The fourth generation: In the 1960s (the fiftieth year of the Republic of China JM Escorts), the Chiayi County government again With sufficient funds, the reinforced concrete Confucius was rebuilt at the southeast corner of the present Monkey Park, giving it its current simple appearance.
Taichung City Confucius TempleJamaicans Escort
The Taichung Confucius Temple is the most classic Confucius temple building under the Chiang Kai-shek regime’s Chinese civilization revival movement in Taiwan after World War II. The equipment and furnishings of the Taichung Confucius Temple are based on the Confucius Temple in Qufu, Shandong Province. It was built by Kong Decheng, a descendant of Confucius (who moved south to Taiwan with the Chiang Kai-shek regime). ) under the guidance of the then President of the Executive Yuan, Chiang Ching-kuo, who once instigated during his inspection tour that “in the future, counties and cities that want to build Confucius temples should use the Taichung Confucius Temple as a model.” The Taichung Confucius Temple is the only one among all Confucius temples in Taiwan that was designed by descendants of Confucius.
The original station Jamaica Sugar Daddy was established as the provincial capital in 1889. The Confucius Temple was built next to the small north gate (today’s Taichung State Hall) because of Japan in the early 1900s. “It was not sudden.” Pei Yi shook his head. “Actually, the child has always wanted to go to Qizhou. He was just worried that his mother would be alone at home without anyone to accompany him. Now you not only have Yuhua, but also two) The Taiwan Governor’s Office was demolished to build a new Taichung Chengzhong District Hall imitating Kyoto. 1967 The original Taichung Shrine was selected as the site for the new Confucius Temple and Martyrs’ Shrine in 1974. In 1974, the planning, design and supervision of the Public Works Bureau of the Taiwan Provincial Government began. In 1976, the Taichung Confucius Temple was completed. The Dacheng Hall was finally decided to adopt the palace-style architecture of the Song Dynasty (Figures 59 and 60 compare with Jamaica Sugar DaddyThe facade and roof curves of the palace in the Song Dynasty), and the three-dimensional configuration is based on the scale of the Qufu Confucius Temple.
Figure 59: The Taichung Confucius Temple imitated the double-eaves veranda of the Song Dynasty Yecheng Hall Building (Photo: Internet)
Figure 60: The Song Dynasty’s “Construction Code” of the Song Dynasty’s “Construction Code” for the facade of the palace Model
The Taichung Confucius Temple and the Martyrs’ Shrine, built after the war, form a palace in the center of Taichung City Jamaicans SugardaddySea is like a miniature version of the Forbidden City in central Taiwan (Figure 61). The entrance to the Taichung Confucius Temple is also located next to it, but there is JM EscortsDifferent from the Limen Road of the Southern Fujian Confucius Temple, it is named Guandemen (Figure 62), which refers to the architectural terms and elements of the Qufu Confucius Temple.
Picture 61: Taichung Confucius Temple and “Lady. “The sea of southern-looking palaces in Taichung Martyrs’ Shrine
Figure 62: Entrance-Guandemen
The lattice of the Taichung Confucius Temple The Star Gate only has an archway structure, which is copied from the Song and Yuan Dynasty archways of the Confucius Temple in Qufu, Shandong. It can be compared with the earlier Minnan-style Confucius Temple in Taiwan Jamaicans SugardaddyThe Lingxing Gate that provides shelter from wind and rain is different (such as Jamaicans Escort Figure 63 and Figure 64 compared with the Qufu version), from the screen wall (Figure 65), Lingxing Gate, the courtyard forest road from Panchi to the Dacheng Gate of the temple accounts for half of the total depth of the central axis of the temple. There are no important buildings to highlight the solemn atmosphere of the ritual architecture and the axis of worship movement. In terms of visual focus, the in-depth and clever configuration of this part is also close to that of Qufu Confucius Temple
Figure 63: The Lingxing Gate of Taichung Confucius Temple has been on New Year’s Eve In front of the Chengmen temple building is the courtyard forest path
Figure 64: Comparison of the Lingxing Gate Styles of Confucius Temple in Qufu, Shandong (Internet)
Figure 65: Taichung Confucius Temple screen wall, facing the lattice Star Gate, with two imitation stone archways on the left and right
Kaohsiung Zuoying Confucius Temple
Kaohsiung The Confucius Temple can be traced back to the Confucius Temple in the old city of Zuoying (1684 AD). It was the first of the nine Confucius temples built in Taiwan by the Qing Dynasty. At that time, it was modeled on the Zhangquan Erzhou Confucian Temple. However, after 300 years of historical changes, only Half of the nearly ruined Dacheng Hall is left. It was originally going to be expanded and restored in the 1960s. Due to the difficulty in finding land in the old Jamaicans Sugardaddy city, It could not be realized until 1974, when the renaissance of Chinese civilization in Taiwan followed the trend and was located in the southeast of the old Confucius Temple, which is the Lotus Pond. Scenic area land was obtained on the north bank and south of Banping Mountain, and the Confucius Temple was built from scratch. It was formed by partially filling the Lotus Pond, which is why the Confucius Temple can be combined with the Lotus PondJamaica Sugar is so good, it can create that kind of atmosphere of outstanding people.
The newly built Confucius Temple in Kaohsiung City is equipped with the equipment of the Confucius Temple in Qufu, Shandong , and reduce its scale (Figure 66). Some of the ancillary buildings such as Wenchang Temple, Minglun Hall, Academy, and School Gate were built on the water, and cloisters and bridges with carved stone railings were set up for tourists.To enjoy the lake view, the important courtyard adopts a traditional shape, with Jamaica Sugar Daddy surrounded by a cloister.
Figure 66: Kaohsiung Confucius Temple 3D (Kaohsiung City History Museum)
The Dacheng Hall (Picture 67), completed in 1977, imitates the regulations of the Taihe Hall in the Forbidden City of the Ming and Qing Dynasties in Beijing (Picture 68). It has a double-eaves verandah roof and seven bays. The building scale is At that time, the Confucius Temple was the largest in Taiwan. If you compare it with the Dacheng Hall of the Confucius Temple in Qufu, Shandong, which was rebuilt during the Ming and Qing Dynasties. According to the specifications of the imperial palace, “Brother Shixun has not contacted you these days. Are you angry? There is a reason, because I have been Trying to convince my parents to take back my life and tell them that we really love each other, the Kaohsiung Confucius Temple, with its double eaves, golden glazed tile roof, and nine-room hall (Fig. 69), is trying to recreate the highest standard in Taiwan, but it is a pity. What is interesting is that some antiquities from the old Confucius Temple have not been transported to the new temple for display. !article_800_auto” alt=”” />
Picture 67: The Dacheng Hall of Kaohsiung Confucius Temple has seven rooms, the largest in Taiwan (Wiki)
Figure 68: Beijing Hall of Supreme Harmony (Beijing Dictionary official website)
Figure 69: Reconstruction during the Ming and Qing DynastiesThe Dacheng Hall of the Confucius Temple in Qufu, Shandong that I have visited also shows the imperial palaces of the Ming and Qing Dynasties (online)
Kaohsiung Qishan Confucius Temple
Kaohsiung Qishan Confucius Temple built in 1984, Jamaicans Escort It was originally the Confucius Temple in Kaohsiung County, and the base was originally built in Japan (Japan Jamaica Sugar Halfway up the hillside of Kaohsiung’s Qishan Shrine during the Daddy era, overlooking the entire old city of Qishan, there were many grand Confucius Temples and Martyrs’ Shrines that were transformed from shrines into palaces in southern China during this period. In addition to the anti-criticism movement At that time, Lu criticized Confucius for not returning to the old ways. On the other hand, because Taiwan had been a Japanese territory for half a century, landmarks symbolizing Japanese civilization could be seen everywhere. The two million soldiers and civilians who fled to Taiwan were Jamaica Sugar had a strong sense of divorce during her life in a foreign land. Due to the severance of diplomatic relations between Taiwan and Japan in 1972, the Nationalist Government accelerated its response to the japanese era. The remaining buildings were eradicated, and it was decreed that “Japan (Japanese) shrines should be completely cleared immediately.” Most of the original land was used to build Ming and Qing style buildings that symbolized the hometown of the mainland. That is why the Qishan Confucius Temple was built in this city. The district is grateful for the outstanding worship path and solemnity of the original shrine.
The Dacheng Hall of the Confucius Temple in Qishan, Kaohsiung is modeled after the Qing Dynasty in Shenyang (Shengjing)Jamaicans SugardaddyPalace style, with seven bays and seven bays with double eaves, a palace-like imposing scale and gorgeous interior decoration, no less than the Dacheng Hall of Zuoying Confucius Temple in Kaohsiung built in 10 years.
Picture 70: Dacheng Hall of Confucius Temple in Qishan, Kaohsiung
Sun Moon Lake Wenwu Temple
Sun Moon Lake Wen Mo Temple is a special case of the Confucius Temple. It is a combination of the Confucian Temple (the back hall worships Confucius) and the Wu Temple (the front hall worships Confucius).Guan Sheng Emperor)’s private Confucian temple space integrating Confucianism and Taoism was originally one of the Minnan-style Taoist temples during the construction of Sun Moon Lake in 1932 (Figure 71). In 1969 Jamaica Sugar The water level of the pond rose and the construction was moved. However, during the reconstruction construction, Chiang Zhongzheng, who was resting in a nearby layman’s pavilion, paid attention to it. He was particularly concerned about the progress and funding, and instructed the provincial government to inject funds at that time to reconstruct it into a southern palace. , and because of this special connection with Chiang Kai-shek, it became another reason why later tourists must visit.
Picture 71: The old Sun Moon Lake Man Mo Temple, photo from the Man Mo Temple official website
Dacheng Hall is located in the back hall part, with a mountain and double eaves, and Looking at the entire scenery of Sun Moon Lake (Picture 72), it is the only Confucius Temple in Taiwan where mountains and lakes border and the sea of palaces complement each other.
Picture 72: The back hall of Sun Moon Lake Man Mo Temple – Dacheng Hall, photo Man Mo Temple official website
Taoyuan Confucius Temple
It is located on Hutou Mountain in the urban area, next to Taoyuan Shrine Jamaica Sugar Daddy. It was completed in 1988 The Taoyuan Confucius Temple should be the youngest official Confucius temple in Taiwan and the world. It is also the end of a temple space built in the style of a southern palace. Due to the rise in awareness of heritage preservation, the original Japanese and Qing Dynasty architectural styles have been preserved. The outcry allowed the Japanese shrine to be renovated at the same time to preserve its original appearance, and also ended the strict constraints imposed on architects by the traditional Chinese classical architecture.
Due to the large-scale construction of Confucius Temple and Martyrs’ Shrine at that time, there was little difference in appearance in the later period. They were all the same as the large yellow glazed tile roofs of the Ming and Qing palaces in the south. This is the culmination of the Confucius Temple in Taoyuan City. The main hall (Fig. 73) and the Dacheng Gate (Fig. 74) are not large in scale, and it is not difficult to interpret their architectural uniqueness. However, due to their special architectural style, they are the watershed of the era (Fig. 75)In line with the changes in the mainstream consciousness of the times, the Taoyuan Confucius Temple marked the end of the construction of new official Confucius temples on the island of Taiwan.
Picture 73: Dacheng Hall of Taoyuan Confucius Temple
Figure 74: Dacheng Gate of Taoyuan Confucius Temple
Picture 75: Lingxing Gate Archway of Taoyuan Confucius Temple
Conclusion
In just four hundred years, the Confucius Temple and Confucian civilization moved south along with several Han civilizations and politics, crossed the ocean, and took root in Taiwan. During different periods, they brought with them the architectural systems and characteristics of the time, and also through the 20th century In the first half of the century, due to the qualitative changes in educational construction technology that occurred after the Japanese (Japanese) era merged with the West, Taiwan was able to achieve rapid development in a short time. To cultivate such rich Confucius temple architecture, you can enjoy the elegant architecture and space of Confucius temples around the world, and feel how the past of Confucius temples shaped the past educational fields and temple spaces. The spatial design techniques of respecting Confucius and integrating Confucianism and Taoism are Taiwan’s belief in Confucius, it is not difficult to see that Taiwanese people have also entered a non-material cultural level that integrates Confucian culture with life. If you have the opportunity to visit the Confucius Temple in Taiwan, you can also discover more about the characteristics of Confucius temples in various places, not only in Taiwan but also in the entire global Chinese culture. In the career circle, the Confucius temples introduced in this article are all particularly representative.
Editor in charge: Yao Yuan